Mnogi teoretičari zavjera, kada govore o Mjesecu (pogotovu kada govore o tajnim vanzemaljskim bazama čije postojanje NASA "krije" od javnosti, a oni su tu da nam kažu "istinu") vole upotrebljavati termin "tamna ili mračna strana Mjeseca".
Many conspiracy theorist love to use term "dark side of the Moon" especially when talking about secret alien moon bases, whom NASA knows about but keeps it a secret from public and those conspiracy theorists are the only ones bringing us the "truth".
Međutim mračna strana Mjeseca ne postoji u prirodi. Mjesec se okreće oko svoje ose i samim time mračna i osvjetljena strana mjeseca se uvjek mjenjaju po istom principu kao dan i noć na Zemlji. Do duše mjesečev dan je puno duži od zemaljskog i traje 29.5 zemaljskih dana. Ovo je zbog toga što je Mjesec u plimskoj ravnoteži sa Zemljom i uvjek pokazuje istu stranu našoj planeti pa jedan njegov dan traje koliko i vrjeme trajanja obilaska oko naše planete.
But in reality dark side of the Moon do not exist. Moon rotates around its axis and therefore surface darkness changes as day passes in to the night. Granted, Moon day is much longer than the Earths and lasts 29.5 Earths days. This is because Moon is tidally locked with the Earth and its day lasts exactly long as its orbiting period around the Earth. Because of this we always see same side of the Moon.
Ovaj video objašnjava fenomen na razumljiv način. S druge strane Youtube kanal sa kojeg je uzet ovaj video sadrži hrpu zanimljivih činjenica o našem planetu, a koje toplo preporučujem da pogledate: MinuteEarth,
This video explains this phenomenon in a comprehensible way. On the other hand this video is part of a very successful YouTube channel on which you can find a lot of interesting facts about our planet. Here is a link: MinuteEarth.
No, da se vratim na gore pomenuti termin. Pretpostavljam da se termin koristi za opisivanje strane Mjeseca koja nije vidljiva direktno sa Zemlje. Međutim, pravi izraz za tu stranu je "dalja strana Mjeseca". Ako baš želite neku stranu Mjeseca nazvati tamnom stranom onda je za to bolji kandidat nama bliža strana koja izgleda puno tamnije od dalje zbog prisustva tvz mora ili velikih bazaltnih ravnica na površini.
But to go back to the offending term "dark side of the Moon". I suspect that, when using this term, conspiracy theorists think about the Far Side of the Moon which can not be seen from Earth. Yes, the correct term is "Far side of the Moon". If we rely want to use the term "dark side..." to one side of our moon than better candidate for it is the Near side of the Moon as it is much darker side (because of its lower albedo) from the two as it features dark patches on the surface called Marea, large dark basalt planes.
Na kaju, pretpostavljam da mnogi teoretičari zavljere vole koristiti ovaj pogrešni termin zbog prizvuka tajanstvenosti u pokušaju da daju neku legitimnost svojim nevjerovatnim tvrdnjama.
I suppose all those conspiracy theorists love to use this (wrong) term for the far side of the Moon because it sounds mysterious in a hope that their outlandish theories will get a bit more of legitimacy.
Jedina legitimna upotreba ovog termina je naziv popularnog albuma Pink Floyd-a, The Dark Side of the Moon.
But the only legitimate use of this term I know about is the name of music album by Pink Floyd, The Dark Side of the Moon.
It is to much anthropocentric to have any real biological advantages.
Poenta evolucije nije produkcija najboljih riješenja već samo riješenja koja funkcionišu. Riješenja koja funkcionišu ne moraju biti efikasna niti dobra, mogu čak biti i kobna po jedinku, ono što je bitno jeste da jedinka obružana tim prolaznim riješenjima preživi dovoljno dugo da se razmnoži.
The point of evolution is not to produce the best solutions but to produce the working solutions. Working solution does not have to be elegant or even good, can even be fatal to the individual, the most important thing is to be efficient enough to allow that individual to reproduce it self.
Poenta eugenike je da se stvori jedinka koja ima sve najbolje osobine, čak i da eliminiramo antropocentričnost kao faktor pristranosti pojedinim osobinama koje mi ljudi vidimo kao korisne, sa evolutivne tačke gledišta je uvijek ćorsokak. Radi se o specijalizaciji koja nedvosmisleno uvijek vodi u izumiranje.
The point of eugenics is to build a perfect individual which have all the best properties for that present environment, but even if we eliminate the anthropocentricity as a factor to define needed properties, it is still a recipe for failure.
Zašto se to događa? / Why is it happening.
Eugeničari uvijek zanemaruju dinamički faktor promijene okoliša, njihova vizija perfektnog organizma je uvijek zaprljana statičkom percepcijom okoline, njihov naj naj je uvijek najboli u okruženju koje sami eugeničari percepiraju kao optimalnim, a koje je uvijek ekvivalentno trenutnim uslovima za koje oni smatraju da su stabilni. To naravno nije tačno. Jedinka optimalno prilagođena za jedne uslove je suočena sa propašću čim se ti uslovi promijene.
Proponents of eugenics always neglect the dynamical reality of environment which can change unpredictably. Theirs vision of perfect being is always soiled with perception of static environment. Theirs, the best of the best is indeed the best for presently perceived environment in which this creation would live, but as soon as those conditions change, the individual is doomed.
Najbolji primjer su psi, naš najveći eugenički uspijeh. Stvorili smo toliko verzija pasa koji popunjavaju skoro sve potrebne niše upotrebe koje možemo zamisliti. Njihovi setovi osobina, proizvedeni eugenikom su spomenik praktičnom uspijehu i omogućavaju im da kao vrsta preživljavaju u našem svijetu vrlo uspiješno.
The best example to this are dogs, our most successful eugenics experiment which is going on for thousands of years. We have created so many versions of dogs which fill up many needed roles in our society. Their sets of perfectly matching traits to our needs are, a monument to our ingenuity and allow them as spices to thrive in the environment we provide.
Međutim čim se to okruženje promijeni i ljudi sa svojim potrebama kao faktorom u okolišu nestanu, najveći dio pasa jednostavno ugine, a prežive samo oni koji su koliko toliko slični generičkom fenotipu iz kojega su potekli. Ubrzo poslje jedva 3 ili 4 generacije pas postaje ponovo životinja jako slična vuku.
But as soon as this environment we provide changes (with our disappearance) most of the dogs just die, and only whom survive are those which are closest to the original generic phenotype. Soon after only 3 or 4 generations all dogs look like original wolf.
Slično bi se dogodilo i sa eugenikom ljudi, možda bi početno imalo se uspijeha ali čim bi se uslovi promijenili, čak i unutar ljudskog društva, na primjer neke nove tehnologije, ili nova politika ili bilo što, superiorni tip eugeničkog čovijeka bi se našao u problemima.
Similar would happen if we use eugenics rules on ourselves in the beginning we might have some success but as soon as environment changes, even inside society, with some new technology or policy, the superior eugenically produced being would become inferior.
U evolutivnoj biologiji se to zove problem specijalizacije vrste, odnosno neka vrsta prirodne eugenike, vrsta se toliko dobro prilagodi postojećim uslovima preživljavanja da je stvarno superiornia od svih ostalih neko vrijeme. Međutim čim se uslovi promijene ta vrsta bez iznimki uvijek izumre.
In evolutionary biology this problem is known as specialization of a spices, in some sense a natural eugenics, the spices becomes so much adapted to present environment that it is dominant in all aspect, but as soon as the environment changes this spices is unable to adapt fast enough and goes extinct.
Eugenika je recept za izumiranje, pa čak i da zanemarimo svo zlo koje je ta ideja donijela u prošlom vijeku, čak i onda je jako loša ideja.
Eugenics is a recipe for extinction and even if we completely neglect all the bad things which happen in 20th century due to some of eugenics ideas, it is still a very bad idea.
Bionički pristup u medicini postoji oduvijek odnosno od vremena kada su ljudi počeli sa pokušajima da nadomijeste izgubljene udove izradom pasivnih proteza koje su makar izgledom imitirali izgubljeni dio tijela. Neka od tih pomagala mogu čak i nadomjestiti pojedine izgubljenje funkcije, poput hodanja u slučaju proteza za donje udove ili nekih kompleksnijih kuka koje mogu donekle zamijeniti izgubljene ruke ili šake.
Bionics approach to medicine exist from time of the first try to replace a lost limb with materials from environment. Those prosthesis were mostly passive and could just return some of the functions of lost limbs, walking or complex hooks to replace lost hands.
Međutim sve su to dosta bijedne imitacije originala koje iako predstavljaju veliko poboljšanje povrijeđenoj osobi, ipak su jedva bolji od štapa i kanapa (u mnogim slučajevima upravo se i samo o tome i radi).
But in most cases those were and are pathetic imitations of the original which are a substantial improvement to unfortunate human being but are in the bottom line just a bit better than a stick and a bit of rope (and in many cases are just that).
Ovako je bilo oduvijek, od izrade prve proteze prije nekoliko hiljada godina, pa sve do par godina u nazad. Tek nedavno ljudi su uspijeli da neke druge tehnologije minijaturizuju dovoljno da ih mogu primjeniti u izradi puno savršenijih i kompleksnijih proteza. Servo električni motori, novi izdržljiviji materijali poput karbonskih vlakana, hidraulika, mijaturni čipovi za potrebe kompijutera, adaptivni software i što je najvažnije kompaktni izvor napajanja energijom u obliku litijum-ionskih baterija ili sličnog.
This was a reality for many thousand years, all back to few years ago when substantial advancement in technology took place. Very recently, humans have developed new methods of producing miniaturized but powerfully electrical motors, new hard materials like carbon fibers, miniaturized hydraulics, small and very powerful computer processors, advanced adaptive software to run on those, and most important, compact but powerful enough energy sources like Lithium-Ion batteries or similar.
This brought a revolution in manufacture and design of prosthesis which is happening just now. In this video (TED talks) the speech is held by Hugh Herr a pioneer in limb prosthesis design.
Tadi se o radikalno novom pristupu izrade ovih proteza koje obuhvataju opsežna mjerenja i proučavanje mehanike udova te komunikaciju između mišića i nervava i izradu prilagodljivog i dinamičkog softwera koji može upravljati ovom kompleksnom tehnologijom. Trenutno se bave izradom proteza koje mimikuju hod do u detalja do te mijere da omogućavaju ples, kako se vidi na kraju videa.
It is a radical new approach to tackle the problem of design and manufacture of those prosthesis which involves study of limb mechanics, neural communications and finding a way to connect neurons to artificial hardware and writing the complex software to control this advanced technology. At the moment they are able to produce enough advanced leg replacements which to allow people to actually dance, as seen in this video.
Najviše mi se dojmila njegova izjava da ljudi ne mogu biti invalidi, ono što nas čini invalidima je u stvari samo naša loša tehnologija.
From his speech the most compelling statement of him is that people are not broken it is our technology which is broken and inadequate.
S druge strane nisu samo Hugh Herr i njegov tim na granici razvoja ovih novih tehnologija. Postoje mnogi timovi širom svijeta koji se bave proučavanjem i izradom sličnih pomagala. Evo nekoliko fenomenalnih primjera:
On the other hand Hugh Herr and his team are not the only ones on forefront of development of this kind of technologies. Here are some more examples:
Bionička ruka kojom se upravlja direktno iz mozga
Artificial hand controlled directly by brain.
Egzoskelet koji omogućava da se podižu veoma teški tereti i
koji omogućava paraliziranim ljudina (od struka na dolje) da ponovo hodaju.
Exoskeleton which allows heaving up very heavy objects and allows paralyzed people (from waist down) to walk again
Prvo bioničko oko za sljepe, trenutno sa tek 60 piksela ali koje će veoma brzo biti usavršeno
The first bionic eye for blind people, unfortunately with only 60 pixels but which will be improved in short time
Regenerativna medicina / Regenerative medicine
Međutim ambicije i tehnologija idu dalje. Sve ovo su samo prelazna riješenja (iako se može argumentovano govoriti i o tome da neki ljudi možda i žele u potpunosti zamijeniti djelove tijela mehaničkim konstruktima i postati kiborzi), medicina se razvija u mnogim pravcima a jedan od njih je i regeneracija izgubljenih udova ili šire, regenerativna medicina. Ova tehnologija (potpuna regeneracija) je ipak još uvijek negdje u budućnosti ali ne toliko daleko kao što se misli.
But ambition and technology goes even further. All those mechanical replacements are a stepping stone (although somebody can argue that some people would want to replace they original body parts with technology to achieve true cyborg status), medicine is developing in many directions, one of those is the regenerative medicine, the ability to grow back the once original body parts. Those technologies lie in close future and those videos show how far we got today.
Istraživanja idu dalje i kloniranje ljudskih organa nije daleko. Ljudi će jednostavno u budućnosti (možda čak za jedva 30ak godina) biti u stanju jednostavno da zamijene svoje organe novima koji su klonitani iz ćelija originalnog organa što će eliminirati potrebu da se ljudski organi presađuju sa drugih (često preminulih) osoba. Ovo će eliminirati neželjene efekte poput odbacivanja organa i mnogih emocionalnih drama koje se odvijaju u postojećem sistemu doniranja.
The research goes further in to area of transplantation and regrowth of diseased and damaged organs, cloning of those organs from stem cells recovered from original organ, thus preventing all those problems with immunity response. This will bring a new age in transplantation technology, avoiding all those dangers of rejection of donated organ and even eliminating the need for donation which now are the norm with all difficulty to get those and freedom from all the emotional problems connected tho those procedures.
Biološka besmrtnost / Biological immortality
Na kraju postoji i još nešto, mnogo radikalnija misao, vezano za naš sam pojam postojanja, nešto što uprvo definiše to postojanje. Radi se o smrti, odnosno kraju postojanja. Napretci u tehnologiji, medicini i biohemiji pomalo otkrivaju sve mehanizme koji nas čine konačnima. Upoznavamo mehanizme koji čine da naše ćelije na kraju prestaju da se dijele i odumiru, odnosno čine da starimo. Već uvelike se rade mnoga istraživanja u tom pravcu, razumijevaju mehanizmi takvih funkcija i upoznavaju tajne mnogih primitivnih organizama koji nemaju moć starenja već mogu da se regenerišu neograničeno.
In all of this there is something else, a more radical thought, connected to our ultimate faith of our existence. It is about the inevitable death of us, the end of our existence. Advances in technology, medicine, biochemistry give us insights in to mechanisms which limit our existence in to a set time frame. We are uncovering the secrets of mechanisms which ultimately kill our cells by stopping its reproduction eventually bringing the old age to all of us. We research to understand those mechanisms because we know that living creatures exist whom do not succumb to old age. We search for them, find them and uncover their immortality secrets.
Međutim potrebno je objasniti prvo što znači biološka besmrtnost. Biološka besmrtnost ne predstavlja pravu besmrtnost, to je samo termin koji označava osobu koja je ne može starati ali je dalje podložna bolestima i nesretnim slučajevima te svopstvenim odlukama da prekine svoju egzistenciju, međutim, teoretski u zaštićenom okruženju takva osoba bi mogla živjeti neograničeno.
It is important for me to explain what is Biological Immortality. Biological Immortality is not immortality in full sense like to be indestructible and live forever. Biologically immortal person would be still subject to fatal disease or accident or to choice to end its own existence, but theoretically a person confined to a safe and controlled environment could live indefinitely.
Iako daleko u budućnosti, ipak (kako se vidi iz ovih videa) postoji šansa da ćemo kao ljudi uspijeti pobijediti i finalnu sudbinu svih nas, a to je da umremo od starosti. O poimu biološke besmrtnosti se već uvelike ozbiljno govori, proučavaju se moguće socijalne implikacije, mehanizmi postizanja takvog postojanja, struktura društva u kojemu ne postoji starost itd.
Biological Immortality for now stays a bit further in the future but as seen from those videos the chance exist for us to beat this ultimate fate. This term, Biological Immortality now is contemplated with all seriousness of a scientific mind. All implications of it are debated among many academics, the social and population implications, job and economical problems or advantages coming with this technology, etc.
Predikcija? / Predicrions?
Za 30 godina imati ćemo prve perfektne zamijenske udove koji podižu, trče, rade, vide i čuju bolje od originalnih bioloških.
- In 30 years we will have available perfect replacement hardware which will be better, faster, stronger, will see better, hear better than original body parts.
Za 50 godina biti će mo u stanju da kloniramo i regenerišemo sve dijelove tijela.
- In 50 years we will be able to clone and regenerate original biological body parts to replace damaged ones.
Za 60 godina roditi će se prvo biološki besmrtno dijete.
- In 60 years first biologically Immortal baby will be born.
Na kraju zanimljivo je da su stari Grci smatrali da je starost neizlječiva bolest. Moderna nauka je svojim proučavanjima dala odgovor da su bili u pravu. Osim možda ovog zadnjeg, odnosno neće biti neizlječiva još dugo.
On the end, just a thought. Old Greeks regarded the coming of old age as a incurable disease. Modern science has demonstrated that this is actually true. Well maybe not for a long, as soon this disease might be actually cured.
Nedavno sam naišao na zanimljiv video na YouTube-u o slonovima slikarima. Naravno radi se o istreniranim slonovima, međutim kada malo bolje pomisliš, zaključak se nameće sam, ovi slonovi su sposobni za apstrakciju. Biti sposoban prikazati uprošćenu siluetu iz svojeg sjećanja na platno tako da je ista lako prepoznatljiva sebi i posmatračima je očigledni dokaz da individua koja to radi ima moć da apstrahuje. Ovo je normalna pojava kod ljudi ali ne znam niti jedan slučaj osim ovog kod drugih životinja.
A short while ago I found an interesting video on Youtube, about elephant painters. Of course, those elephants were trained but when you put some thought to it conclusion comes by it self, this elephants are capable to abstract. To be able to show a simplified representation of something from owns memory on a canvas in such way that is recognizable as such by him self and other observers around, well that is an almost obvious evidence that the individual in question has the ability to abstract. This is a normal attribute of human thought but i don't know about any other animal capable of this, except the presented elephants.
S druge strane naravno nameće se pitanje koliko se ovdije radi o čistom treningu, koliko u stvari trener ove životinje upravlja sa njome poput puppet master upravljajući svakim pokretom iz pozadine? Međutim dovoljno je malo bolje osmotriti pokrete ove surle i primjetiti će te da slon ovo radi sa nečim što liči na namjeru, pokreti su hotimični i očigledno da životinja zna i razumije što radi.
On the other hand that bears the question, how much of seen is pure training and how much of it is a puppet mastery behind her every stroke on a canvas? But i think it is enough to just observe more attentively, all the movements and strokes of that big proboscis, you will notice something which looks like intent, the movement is deliberate and it is obvious that the animal knows and understands what she is doing.
Osim toga ne samo da životinja posjeduje ideju o tome šta radi, ona očigledno razumije i sam proces, ovo nisu tragovi u pijesku već hotimična upotreba naprednih alata koje sama životinja nikad nije prije upoznala. Nešto nalik nama kada se susretnemo sa nekim alatom kojeg nikad nismo prije vidjeli i za kojeg u početku ne znamo čemu služi, međutim vremenom naučimo, bilo sami ili uz pomoć instrukcija drugih ljudi.
Sve ovo ukazuje na veoma napredan oblik inteligencije koju ova vrsta životinja posjeduje i to vrste inteligencije koja je dosta bliska našoj, ljudskoj.
Not only that the animal have the idea of what she is doing but she notably understands the process it self, those are not just random marks in the sand, but willful use of advanced tools to which the animal was never aware of before. It is something like with us (humans) when we are introduced to a new tool for which we don't know the use for, but in time we learn, alone or with guidance (using manuals or other people expertise).
All this suggests to a very advanced form of intelligence which this animal posses and a kind of which is very similar to our own.
Spojeno sa ovim, opažanja u divljini takođe ukazuju da slonovi imaju moć nekog oblika apstrakcije, na primer nešto što nalikuje poštovanju predaka ili liči na neki primitivni posthumni ritual.
Connected to this, observations in the wild also suggest that elephants have some form of abstract thinking capabilities. Example is something that remotely resembles to the worship of deceased or to some form of posthumous ritual.
Da ovo ljudi rade, mi bi smo deducirali da se radi o primitivnom religijskom ritualu. Na žalost za sada je nemoguće pravilno deducirati šta slonovi u stvari rade osim da je u pitanju neki oblik pokazivanja osjećanja.
If it were us (humans) doing that, the observer would deduct that what he was seeing is a form of primitive religious ritual. Unfortunately for now it is impossible to properly deduct what is the elephants intent except that, what is shown, is some form of feelings expression, possibly grief.
S druge strane slobodni smo špekulirati, možda se radi o obliku nekog rituala ili čak expresija neke slonovske religije.
U svakom slučaju zanimljivo ponašanje od strane jedne životinje, koje indicira veoma naprednu svijst i inteligenciju.
On the other hand we are free to speculate, to give a go to a bit of imagination, maybe really it is a ritual, a expression of elephantine religion.
At any rate this is a very interesting behavior of this animal which indicates very advanced self awareness and intelligence.
U svakom slučaju slonovi pokazuju neka ponašanja koja su jako bliska našim, ovo s druge strane postavlja pitanje da li postoji još takvih oblika ponašanja: napredniji oblik komunikacije poput jezika ili čak oblik filozofije. Potrebno je izvršiti još mnogo istraživanja u tom pravcu, na terenu i posmatranjem slonova u zatočeništvu. Možemo dosta naučiti i o nama samima posmatrajući ova veličanstvena bića.
Indeed, elephants are showing some elaborate behaviors which resemble very closely to our own and this bears the question if there are more examples of different kind of such behaviors resembling ours, like advanced communication through language or even philosophy. It is necessary to continue the research of this majestic animals, among others also in to this direction (the elephantine mind) in the wild and in captivity. We can learn a lot not only about them but also about our selves.
Ali važno je i napomenuti da su slonovi veoma ugrožena vrsta, da su konstanto progonjeni od strane lovokradica i da se njihov prirodni habitat pomalo ali sigurno uništava kako se civilizacija pomalo širi i u njihov komad divljine.
Možda nemamo još puno vremena da ih posmatramo i učimo o njima, prije nego li posljednji slon naslika posljednju sliku.
But it is important to mention also that the elephants are an endangered species, that they are constantly persecuted by poachers and that their natural habitat is slowly but surely destroyed by relentless approach of civilization.
Maybe we do not have much more time to observe and learn about them, before the last elephant draws the last picture.
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