Neka moja razmišljanja i malo nauke pride. / Some of my thoughts and a bit of extra science.
Showing posts with label biology. Show all posts
Showing posts with label biology. Show all posts
Wednesday, December 9, 2015
Everything We Think We Know About Addiction Is Wrong
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ao8L-0nSYzg
Ovo je odličan video sa Youtube kanala: In a Nutshell – Kurzgesag
This is an excellent video from Youtube channel: In a Nutshell – Kurzgesag
Friday, August 28, 2015
GMO panika (genetski modifikovani organizmi) / GMO panics (Genetically Modified Organisms)
Da bi znali koliko je GMO opasan treba razumjeti što je GMO. Prema mnogim napisanim komentarima po internetu jasno se vidi da ljudi jako ali jako malo znaju o tome.
To know to what level GMO products are hazardous, we need first to know what are GMOs. Looking through peoples comments on social networks I can say that general population knows very little about it.
Na primjer Monsantovi Roundap rezistentni usjevi nisu opasni sami po sebi. Genetski kod koji je njima dodat a čini ih izdržljivim prilikom Roundap djelovanja nije opasan opasno je nešto drugo što je nevezano za genetski inžinjering. Naime ratari često pretjeruju prilikom upotrebe Roundap herbicida upotrebljavajući mnogo veću dozu herbicida od dozvoljne jer znaju da će usjevi izdržati djelovanje što dovodi do toga da usjevi postaju toksični tim otrovom. Roundap u većim dozama je opasan otrov i prema nekim preliminarnim istraživanjima možda i kancerogen.
For example Monsanto Roundup resistant crops are not dangerous by them selves. Genetic variation in DNA which make those crops resistant to Roundup herbicide is not dangerous, it is just a DNA variation. The danger comes from the fact that farmers use Roundup herbicide in excess, outside recommended dosage making crops laced with this chemical to a dangerous level. Roundup is poisonous in large dosages as any other chemical and it might be a carcinogen as some studies suggest.
Zato se u zemljama EU zabranjuje upotreba Roundap herbicida a ne upotreba Roundap GMO usjeva.
Because of this Roundup herbicide is increasingly outlawed in EU countries but not GMO crops resistant to this pesticide.
Genetski kod (DNA) nije otrovan i bilo kakva promjena u njemu, prirodna ili vještačka neće utjecati na ljude, čak što više DNA je prirodni i važan dio hrane koju jedemo.
Genetic code (DNA) is not poisonous (it is a natural part of our diet) and any change in it, natural or not will not affect humans eating it.

Ovo je primjer dobro zamišljenog GMO proizvoda, riža koja posjeduje gen koji proizvodi vitamin A (tvz zlatna riža), GMO koji pomaže u mnogim krajevima svjeta da se smanji manjak tog vitamina koji može dovesti do sljepila.
This is an example of well thought out GMO produce, rice which have added gene for vitamin A to its DNA (Golden Rice) is a GMO crop which can be used in vitamin A deficient parts of the world to prevent serious health risks to the population like blindness for example which is one of symptoms of vitamin A deficiency.
Genetski modificirana hrana nije ništa drugačija od vještački selektiranih usjeva, samo se radi o preciznijoj i bržoj modifikaciji genetskog koda nego što se postiže vještačkom selekcijom.
Genetically modified foods are not much different from artificially selected crops it is just a faster and more efficient method to alter crops to our advantage as artificial selection is a lengthily and slow process (which can take hundred of years sometimes).
Sve ovisi koji se proizvod želi dobiti.
It is all about what we want to get.
Mi svaki dan unosimo veliku količinu DNA kroz našu hranu iz raznih izvora (mesa, biljaka itd). Svaka količina te hrane posjeduje gomilu genetskih mutacija koje nastaju prirodno, a GMO je tek minimalna količina promjena kada se sagleda cjelokupna količina DNK kojeg pojedemo dnevno i koji je prirodno mutiran. Genetski materijal u našoj hrani nije otrovan jer da jeste ljudi nebi mogli ništa jesti.
Every day we eat a considerable amount of DNA from diferent sources (meat and vegetables for example). All this food contains trillions of different mutations most of which are naturally occurring and GMO mutations are only a small fraction of all those. Genetic material in our food is not poisonous, if it was we couldn't eat anything.
U ovom videu se može vidjeti koliko DNA molekule ima u recimo jagodama (i usput kako možete sami početi sa genetskim inžinjeringom u vašoj kuhinji).
In this video you can see how much DNA you can find in a batch of strawberry's (and interestingly it shows also how to start your own genetic lab in your kitchen).
Mutacije unutar DNK ne mjenjaju značajnije njegovu hemijsku strukturu jer se radi o prirodnom polimeru (onaj ko se razumije u organsku hemiju zna od čega ovisi hemijska aktivnost polimera za ostale neka potraže na netu nešto stručniju literaturu).
Mutations inside DNA do not alter its chemical makeup in a drastic manner (changing its chemical reactivity) because DNA is a natural polymer.
Onda u čemu je problem?
What is the problem than?
U stvari realna opasnost od GMO proizvoda je više suptilna nego direktna i odnosi se na ekonomiju, neetički pristup genetskim modifikacijama, određena opasnost po ekologiju i potencijal da se GMO koriste u ratne svrhe.
Well, the danger from GMO crops comes from a different source. it is all about economy, ethics, environmental issues and very high potential of weaponizing this technology.
Patentiranje prirodno nastalih gena je u ovom slučaju je primjer neetičkog ponašanja gdje jedna kompanija (na primjer Monsanto) indentificira recimo gen za proizvodnju nekog vitamina te patentira taj gen te ga niko drugi ne može više koristiti bez da plaća autorske naknade toj kompaniji iako je taj gen nastao prirodno a nije stvoren u labaratoriji.
Example of unethical approach to GMO creation is patent practice where some corporations (Monsanto for example) file patent for discovered usefully genes (a vitamin generating genes for example) which have evolved naturally in some living spaces of animal or plant. That means that this gene can not be used by other parties without paying royalties.
Otprilike to je slično kao kada bi neki muzičar stavio autorska prava na pjev ptica.
It is like if some musician would copyright a bird song.
Primjer upotrebe GMO kao oružja je posebno opasna mana ove tehnologije. GMO je relativno jednostavna tehnologija i samo prosječno opremljena labaratorija može izvoditi genetski inžinjering. Ovo znači da skoro svako sa malo znanja može proizvoditi GMO, to znači da teroristi ili neki prosječni luđak sa malo više specifičnog znanja, može teoretski proizvesti ubitačni GMO, na primjer GMO bolest, otrovni usjev ili neko drugo biološko oružje poput štetočina izdržljivih na insekticide.
Using GMO as a weapon is serious threat. GMO technology is relatively simple, any average equipped lab can preform genetic engineering. That means that any terror organisation or an average lunatic with a bit of knowledge can theoretically create and disseminate dangerous GMOs. Example are poisonous foods, GMO diseases or pests resistant to pesticides.
Uvođenje GMO usjeva može i hoće poremetiti ekološki poredak područja u kome je zasađen ukrštanjem sa prirodno evoluiranim vrstama, narušavajući prirodnu ravnotežu područja. Ovo može izazvati evolutivnu trku između različitih vrsta i izumiranje organizama koji ne mogu da sustignu GMO organizme i njihove potomke. Međutim ovo se događa prirodno i stalno i bez uticaja ljudi, takva je priroda evolucije. Pitanje je više etičke prirode, odnosno da li mi (ljudi) imamo pravo uticati u tolikoj mjeri na prirodan poredak.
Inserting GMO crops in an uncontrolled environment can and probably will disrupt ecological balance of that environment. GMO crops will interact and crossbreed with naturally evolved organisms disrupting the ecological balance and forcing evolutionary rebalance of the region, possibly forcing local extinction events of organisms which can not compete with GMO and its descendants. Keep in mind that this is not unheard off in nature, it happens all the time naturally as one spices takes over from another. This is more an ethical issue than a direct danger: Do we have (the people) the right to interfere with nature in such invasive way?
Ekonomske posljedice GMO tehnologije su dosta kompleksne ali se svode na to da firme koje se bave sa tom tehnologijom kroz svoje patente i proizvode mogu i hoće pokušati uspostaviti monopol nad proizvodnjom hrane i drugih proizvoda. Kompanija koja drži u svojim rukama proizvodnju hrane i ljekova drži cjeli svjet za muda. Primjer je primjena terminator sjemena (sjeme koje se može posijati samo jednom i ne može se razmnožavati dalje) uz pomoć kojeg kompanije mogu prisiliti farmere na ovisnost o tom sjemenu kroz pravne ili čisto ekonomske pritiske. Farmer je prisiljen kupovati samo to sjeme (zbog ekoloških zakona, kroz vezajuće ugovore ili jednostavno jer to sjeme daje superijorniji proizvod) i na taj način kompanija dobija direktnu kontrolu nad proizvodnjom. Zanimljivo terminator sjeme je u stvari prvenstveno pokušaj da se rješi ekološki uticaj GMO na okoliš jer sprječava širenje GMO usjeva u okolinu zbog nesposobnosti tih GMO da se razmnožavaju.
Economy consequences of GMO are a bit complicated but it all boils down to an attempt of huge GMO companies to corner the production of food and other GMO products (like medicine) and assert a monopoly through means of laws, patenting, binding contracts and similar. Company who holds monopoly over production of food, holds entire World to his balls (it holds all of us hostage). The examples are terminator seeds (seeds which produce crops but ca not procreate further), the company, producer of those seeds can force farmers to use it through law or economy pressures. Farmer is compelled to use those seeds (because of some environmental laws, through binding contracts, or just the product delivered through those seeds is superior to any other) and thus through those seeds company gains direct control over production of the crop. Interestingly enough Terminator Seeds were developed not for the financial gain but to limit ecological impact of GMO because those GMOs wouldn't be able to spread outside designated areas and interact with wild environment disturbing the ecology.
Na kraju / At the end
GMO je jedan od najkorisnijih tehnoloških napredaka u modernoj povjesti, međutim izgleda kao da je to napredak ispred svog vremena i ljudsko društvo još ne zna kako se postaviti prema tome odgovorno jer ne postoje jasni pravni okviri koji reguliraju tu praksu i zloupotrebe su jako česte. Ne samo to, mediji vole napuhati problem i sijati paniku zarad gledanosti time samo nadodavajući na već postojeću paniku. Radi se o novoj tehnologiji koju većina ljudi ne razumije i strah od toga je razumljiv, pomalo liči na strah od neizmjenične struje koji je vladao u Americi tokom rata struja između Edisona i Tesle kada je Edison svjesno širio laži o opasnostima neizmjenične struje.
GMO is one of the biggest advancement in technology in recent years but it looks to me that it happen a bit before its time. Our society is not yet clear how to react to it responsibly. Clear legal boundaries still do not exist to regulate this emerging and important technology and abuse is rampant. Not only that, general population is very much misinformed with bombastic claims and wrong facts. Media as usual just fuels this mistrust with misinformation and fueling the panic all of it in an unethical attempt to boast its relevance and thus revenues. It is a new technology and suspicion of an average citizen is called for, it has some parallels with big fear from alternate current during electric current war between Tesla and Edison in the beginning of 20th century when Edison did spread lies about AC being dangerous.
GMO je budućnost sa potencijalom da iskorjeni mnoge bolesti i eliminiše glad u svjetu ali izgleda da većina ljudi još nije spremna razumno prihvatiti tu tehnologiju. Mnogi je se boje iz neznanja, a mnogi vide samo dolare ispred oči i primjenjuju monopolističke i pravne začkoljice ne bi li se obogatili preko noći i ponašaju se neetički prema tehnologiji koja ima ogroman potencijal (bilo kudeći ili promovirajući je). Obadvije strane u argumentu se ponašaju neetički i protiv općeg interesa svih građana.
GMO has potential to revolutionize production of food to even eliminate hunger worldwide and wipe out many diseases which plague our society, but it looks like that many of us are not ready to accept this technology in reasonable way. A lot of us are afraid because we have wrong information's and many other only see potential dollar signs floating around ($$$$$$$$) and use all monopolistic and legal loopholes to achieve their goals. Both sides of argument (pro and counter) are behaving unethically and against public interest.
GMO je korisna i opasna tehnologija, poput nuklearne zavisno kako se koristi. Kao što se od uranijuma može napraviti korisni reaktor koji napaja čitavu državu energijom tako se može napraviti i razorna bomba koja može razoriti neku manju državu. Tako i GMO može nahraniti čitavo čovječanstvo da više nikad ne bude gladi i bjede isto tako u rukama luđaka, genetski modifikovana bolest može istrjebiti čovječanstvo.
GMO technology is dangerous as it is useful, like nuclear technology. We can use Uranium for example to build a reactor to give power to a small country or we can build a bomb and destroy that country. Similarly with GMO we can feed entire human population and send hunger in history books where it only belongs or we can make a GMO weapon and erase humanity from the face of the Earth.
U principu GMO je nuklearna tehnologija našeg vremena, u potpunosti neutralan napredak nauke i na kraju kao i uvjek sve ovisi samo o ljudima.
In a principle, GMO is nuclear technology of our time, it is neutral as any other scientific progress, in the end it all falls on us to decide what to do with it.
Thursday, November 6, 2014
Pećina kristalnih Džinova / Cave of crystal giants
Duboko u planinama sjevernog Meksika, blizu grada Naica postoji jedinstvena pećina zvana Pećina Kristalnih Džinova. Otkrivena 2000 godine pljeni pažnju naučnika geologa, avanturista i biznismena. Međutim sama pećina je zaštićena od pogleda znatiželjnika prirodnim i ljudskim preperekama toliko da je uživo kristale vidjelo tek šačica ljudi. Ostali se mogu zadovoljiti samo fotografijama.
Deep in the mountains of North Mexico near mining town of Naica a unique cave exist called the Cave of Crystal Giants. it was discovered in year 2000 and it captures the curiosity of adventurers, scientists and Entrepreneurs alike, ever since. But the cave is protective of its secrets, protected by extreme nature of the place and by people operating the mine in which was found. because of that the cave was seen only by handful of people. Rest of us can see it only through photographs and documentaries.
Povijest otkrića ide ovako: / The history of the discovery goes like this:
Na mjestu gdje se nalazi pećina već dosta dugo postoji rudnik srebra, jedan od najizdašnijih u Meksiku a možda i u svijetu. Rudari su godinama išli u dubinu zemlje tražeći taj plemeniti metal. Često se događa da kopajući tako nailaze na zatvorene pećine u dubinama zemlje, obično potopljene vodom koja se uliva u rudnik praveći poplave. I u ovom slučaju scenario je bio isti, rudari su prodrli u pećinu, a vrela voda iz pećine je poplavila rudnik. Poslje više dana ispumpavanja radnici su uspijeli isušiti vodu, zatim su ušli u novootkrivenu pećinu i imali su što da vide:
At the place where the cave was found a huge mine of silver exist, one of the biggest in mexico and the world. Miners dig deep to find minerals and often they find underground water flooded caves which than flood the mine. In this case the scenario was the same, miners managed to open the cave (by accident) and hot water from the cave flooded the mine. After several days of pumping workers managed to dry the flood and managed to enter the cave to see an otherworldly scenery:

The entire cave is covered with huge crystals, most 5 to 6 m (16 to 20 feet), some even 12 m (40 feet). Unfortunately initial discovery went unnoticed, the mine authorities were reluctant to publicly acknowledge the existence of the cave due to fear it will bring all sorts of adventure bound people which would interfere with the mineral exploitation. But the news went out eventually and the world became aware of newly discovered natural wonder.

Although the mine authorities are important factor in preventing people getting to the cave, more important factor are the extreme conditions inside cave. The cave is situated about 300 m (about 1000 feet) below ground, temperature inside is near 58 C (136 F) and humidity is full 100%. This means that human body is the coldest place in the cave and water during breathing is condensing directly inside lungs, effectively drowning the person. Without a special environment suit with built in breathing apparatus and cooling the person can stay inside cave only for 10 min and even with full protection you can withstand the extreme environment for about 30 min. Because of this the cave is accessible only to well equipped crews of researchers whom does not have problems to acquire such gear.
Od čega se kristali sastoje i kako su nastali? / From what those crystals are made ad how they came to be?
Kristali se sastoje od selenita, jednog od kristalnih oblika gipsa. Nastali su kristalizacijom u posebnim uslovima kakvi vladaju u dubini zemlje. Odmah ispod pećine nalaze se vulkanski izvori topline, ogromni rezervoari lave koji su grijali vodu u pećini. Pod uticajem tople vode gips iz okolnih stijena se rastvorio u vodi u formu poznati kao anhidrit, odnosno suhi gips, ili oblik gipsa u kojemu nema vezanih molekula vode. Tokom milenija lava ispod pećine je počela da se povlači u dubinu što je smanjilo temperaturu unutar pećine. Čim je temperatura pala ispod 60 stepeni C anhidrit je počeo upijati vodu pretvarajući se u selenit koji se zatim počeo plagano kristalizirati na zidovima pećine.
The crystals are made of a mineral selenite one of many forms of well known gypsum. They have formed through crystallization in extreme environment. Right below the cave (and mine) a pocket of magma exist which were heating the water inside the cave. The hot water leached the gypsum mineral from surrounding rocks and became saturated with it in a form known as Anhydrite or dry gypsum (note, dry gypsum is a mineral without water inside its molecular structure but still can be dissolved in it in that form and retain a dry structure). After a millenia the magma pocked receded downward and the temperature inside cave dropped. Because of this dissolved mineral went through a change, temperature fell below 60 C (140 F) and anhydrite started to absorb surrounding water changing in to normal gypsum and than precipitate on surrounding cave walls as crystals of selenite.
Kako je temperatura i dalje bila taman na granici hidracije (58 stepeni C) cijeli proces se odvijao veoma polako što je omogućilo kristalima da narastu do nevjerovatnih razmjera. i tako je bilo sve do 2000 godine kada su rudari prodrli u nju, ispustivši svu vodu vani. Zanimljivo, sami kristali su nevjerovatno mekani, tvrdoće poput ljudskih noktiju, veoma krhki. Procijenjena starost kristala je oko 500 000 godina računajući da ova vrsta kristala raste brzinom od 0.5 do 1 mm godišnje.
As the temperature was constant, around 58 C (136 F) for a long time (many thousand years) just on a border of anhydrite hydration the process was very slow and crystals were able to grow to giant sizes. All of that happening until 2000 when the cave was breached, water drained and all of it discovered. Interesting the crystals are very soft, hard as human fingernails an very fragile. The oldest crystals in the cave were estimated to be around 500 000 years old with rate of growth of 0.5 to 1 mm annually (0.02 to 0.04 inch).
Kakva će biti sudbina ovog nevjerovatnog mjesta? / What is the future of this place?

Postoje čisto tehnički problemi zaštite ovog mjesta. Naime kristali su toliko veliki da će se vremenom početi savijati pod težinom (jer više nema vode da podupire kristale) i lomiti se. Takođe gasovi iz zraka će prodirati u kristale stvarajući hemijske reakcije koje će na kraju zamagliti kristale. S druge strane pećina će uvijek biti izvan dohvata masovnijeg turizma zbog nedostupnosti i ekstremnih uslova u njoj. Takođe i rudničke vlasti ne vide ovu pećinu kao prioritet, čak je vide kao smetnju ekspanziji rudnika zbog medijske pažnje i velikog interesovanja naučnih krugova.
The purely technical problems to protect this cave, exist. The crystals are so big that they will start to bend and brake under their immense weight because the water which supported them is drained out. Also gases from the atmosphere will penetrate its structure making crystals losing their shine and becoming dull and grey. The cave will always be out of limits to most of the visitors due to its extreme environment. Also the mine officials do not se the preservation of this cave as a priority, even perceive it as a nuisance preventing in some way the expansion of the mine due to media and scientists attention.
Postoje predlozi da se cijelo pdručje pećinestavi pod zaštitu UNESKO-a na veliko negodovanje dotičnih vlasnika rudnika. S druge strane naučni značaj ove pećine je ogroman ali zbog loših uvijeta u pećini istraživanja idu sporo. Jedan od ciljeva je i otkriti dali u pećini postoji bilo kakav oblik života, pogotovu u dubljim djelovima pećine koji još nisu bili izloženi uticaju vanjskog zraka i možda se još nalaze pod vodom (naime niko još nije uspio obići cijelu pećinu i u većini slučajeva speleolozi su prodrli tek nekoliko desetina metara oko ulaza).
The plan exist to declare the cave and surroundings as a World Heritage Site under UNESCO protection. On the other hand the relevance of this find in the science community is huge but extreme environment inside cave prevents the research to progress with any significant speed. One of major goals is to check if any native lifeforms exist inside cave, especially deeper inside where pockets of original water still might exist.
S druge strane postoji čitav niz sličnih pećina u okolini koje sadrže kristale samo puno manjih veličina, mnoge od kojih su do danas devastirane od strane lokalnih prospektora koji kopaju kristale i prodaju zainteresovanim turistima. Naime čitavo područje je relativno siromašno i ljudi krpaju svoj budžet nedozvoljenim rudarenjem po okolini, ništa nepoznato kao i drugdje u svijetu gdje lokalni ljudi iskopavaju umjetnine u blizini arheoloških nalazišta ili fosile u blizini paleontoloških nalazišta i prodaju ih na crnom tržištu. Nije isključeno i da će sama pećina džinovskoh kristala doći na red eventualno.
Also around this area many caves exist with similar setup just with much, much smaller crystals, many of which were damaged by local prospectors whom mine those to sell to the passing tourists. The entire area is relatively poor and many residents engage in freelance mining (many times illegally) to get some extra fiances to make ends meet each month. This is not unheard of as this kind of activity plague all important find sites around world, archaeological, paleontological, geological (like this one) as local population is searching those areas for interesting finds to sell on black market. We can assume that this cave will not be protected forever from this kind of exploitation.
U svakom slučaju opstanak ovog mijesta je upitan, međutim s druge strane čitav niz naučnih spoznaja čeka da bude otkriveno, duboko pod zemljom i možda još novih i neviđenih ljepota koje su bile skrivene milijonima godina.
Postoji i nekoliko dokumentaraca koji se mogu naći po netu o ovome, Discovery-a i Nacionalne Geografije.
In any case the future of this cave at this moment is uncertain but on the other hand many discoveries still await inside, deep underground and maybe more of such caves exist to dazzle us with their beauty, hidden from sight for millions of years.
Several of documentaries exist about this topic made by Discovery and National Geographic, it is a good idea to check those.
Saturday, September 20, 2014
Opasne biljke u našim vrtovima 2 / Dangerous plants in our gardens 2nd
Oleandra / Oleander / Nerium


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Oleandar je zimzeleni drvenasti grm, velikih cvijetova raspoređenih u razuđene cvasti, listovi su duguljasti i kožasti sa tvrdom kutikulom. Izuzetno otporna biljka koja se odvajkada sadi zbog ljepote svojih cvjetova. Cvjetovi su veliki sa pet latica i dolaze u skoro svim bojama, šarama i oblicima pošto je ova biljka godinama uzgajana kao ukrasna i stvoreno je more različitih sorti. Najčešće boje su ružičasta, bjela, narandžasta, ljubičasta, žuta, crvena i jako rijetko plava. Postoje i višebojne sorte kao i tip uzgajanja gdje se stvaraju grmovi koji imaju više boja na jednom deblu kroz kalemljenje. Biljka se veoma jednostavno razmnožava običnim reznicama i izuzetno se lako kalemi sa sorte na sortu.

Oleander is a evergreen shrub or small tree with long, narrow and leathery leafs. The flowers are big, lush, bright colored, which grow in big lose blossoms. it is robust plant growing in sunny and dry places. Thanks to artificial selection the flowers come in many sizes and colors: white, pink, purple, red and even rarely blue. Multicolored varieties exist also and even multicolored shrubs made by grafting different varieties on same trunk. The plant can be easily reproduced using just cuttings in soil.
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Porijeklo biljke je nepoznato jer se uzgaja od davnina kao ukrasna biljka pa se milenijumima proširila svugdje po Evroaziji. Prema nekim arheološkim nalazima smatra se da je biljka potekla negdje iz Sjeverozapadne Afrike, vjerovatno iz Maroka. Sama biljka voli suha i sunčana mjesta ali mjesta na kojima je ipak dostupna određena količina vlage tako da ju je dosta rijetko naći u samim pustinjama iako i tamo relativno dobro uspijeva. Trenutno najviše je ima oko Mediterana, Bliski Istok, Indija a od nedavno izuzetno je popularna i u novom svjetu Sjeverna i Južna Amerika i Australija.
The native region of plant is unknown as it is used for millenia as ornamental plant and have spread all over the world. It is theorized that the original homeland of this plant is Northwest Africa, mainly Morocco but now it can be find wild in many areas in the world, mostly around Mediterranean, Middle East, India and from recently in the new world, North and South America and Australia. The plant likes sunny places and can thrive in dry areas even deserts but there is found sporadically.
Otrovnost / Poisons

Cjela biljka je izuzetno otrovna a najveći dio otrovnosti potiče od oleandrina jedinjenja iz grupe kardioglukozida. Simptomi trovanja su mučnina i povraćanje, proliv, excesivno slinenje ili balenje, srčana aritmija i stomačni bolovi.
The entire plant is highly poisonous and most of its toxicity comes from oleandrin a cardiac glycoside. The symptoms are nausea, excessive salivating, heart problems, vomiting, stomach ache and diarrhea.

Međutim i pored svoje otrovnosti biljka je relativno bezopasna ako se sa njom rukuje oprezno jer toksin utiče na tijelo samo ako je unesen direktno oralno ili intravenski. Sama aktivna supstanca oleandrin je relativno stabilno jedinjenje koje je u čistom stanju čvrsti kristal koji se topi tek na 250 stepeni celzijusa i ne absorbira se kroz kožu tako da ne postoji opasnost od trovanja prilikom direktnog manipuliranja (međutim savijet je oprati ruke poslje rada sa biljkom).
But contrary to the high toxicity of oleandrine the plant it self pose a little threat if it is handled with care. The poison is toxic only if ingested or given intravenously, can not affect a person through skin and it is difficult to become airborne ans the compound is a solid with melting point over 250 degree Celsius (482 F). Still it is highly advisable to wash hands after manipulating the plant.
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Oleandrin (kao dio ekstrakta biljke) se uglavnom koristi u narodnoj medicini kod mnogih problema iako je njegova primjena izuzetno opsna. Postoje neke naznake da bi ovo jedinjenje moglo naći primjenu u standardnoj medicini, kod nekih srčanih problema a postoje i naznake da ima i dejstvuje protiv raka. Ova potonja su zanimljiva jer izgleda da ovo jedinjenje povećava senzitivnost tumora na radioterapiju, osnosno da zračenje bolje djeluje na tumorske ćelike pod dejstvom ovog jedinjenja. Važno je za napomenuti da su istraživanja u veoma ranoj fazi, direktno na ćelijama tumora u petrijevim šoljama. Ovo znači da olendrin još nije primjenjen ni na životinjama a ispitivanja na ljudima su još godinama daleko. Postoji opasnost da oleandrin može izazvati i radiosenzitivnost i na zdravim ćelijama što bi ga odmah eliminisalo kao potencijalni lijek, da ne govorimo o njegovoj normalnoj toksičnosti.
Oleandrine is mainly used in folk medicine (as extract or tincture) but it is dangerous practice which can result in adverse effects. In standard medicine olenadrine is tested for potential uses in some heart conditions and as anti-cancer drug. As anti-cancer drug it shows an interesting property as it makes cancerous cells susceptible to radiation making the radiation therapy more effective. But it us important to note that those results are highly preliminary not evolved out from petri-dish experiments with cancerous tissue. The experiments on animals did not yet began and human testings are years away. The problem is that oleandtine is highly toxic and there is a high probability that same radio sensitivity could affect healthy cells.
Zanimljivosti vezane za oleandar / Interesting facts about Oleander

Ekstrakt oleandra se od davnina koristi kao otrov izbora kod namijernih trovanja poput ubistava ili samoubistava. Zanimljivo je da je ekstrakt oleandra otrov izbora u pokušajima samoubistava na Šri Lanci, međutim samo 10% takvih pokušaja završava smrću.
Extract of oleander was used through history as a poison of choice as murder weapon or suicide drug. Interesting in Sri Lanka it is most used suicide poison but with low success rate (around 10% of attempts finish fatally)
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Oleandar je izuzetno opasnan otrov za neke vrste životinja, pogotovu pse i mačke ali i stoku pogotovu konje koji vole da jedu izboje oleandra koji sadrže dosta šećera. Znimljivo je i to da nije previše otrovan za ptice i glodare (miševe i štakore). Ovo je zanimljivo s toga što se kroz vjekove često koristio kao otrov za miševe ali iz ovoga se vidi da ta primjena vjerovatno nije imala većeg efekta.
Oleander is also dangerous to some animals, especially cats and dogs but also for livestock like cows and horses. Horses are especially in danger due theirs sensitivity to oleandrine as they love to eat sweet young shoots of the plant. Interestingly enough the poison is not that effective on birds and rodents (like mice or rats). Oleander extract was used for centuries as rat poison but as research suggest, probably without much success.
Urbana legenda / Urban Legend.
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Na mnogim mjestima u svjetu postoji priča o tome kako su kamperi otrovali sami sebe jedući hranu koju su ispekli ili roštiljali na drvetu dobivenom sa oleandra. Na žalost nema načina da se ove priče istraže na bilo koji način zbog sporadične pojave i manjka dokaza. Moj savjet je da kamperi ne koriste oleandar kao gorivo za roštilj, iako ne postoje dokazi da je ovo tačno bolje biti oprezan.
There is a urban legend going around about campers get poisoned with food cooked on fire burning on oleander sticks. Unfortunately there are no documented occurrences of this or any investigation which could confirm it. Anyways I advice against using oleander sticks as fuel for fire, as people say "better to worry than to be sorry".
Na kraju / Last thoughts about this
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Ova biljka pored svoje toksičnosti nije previše opasna za rukovanje i ne predstavlja realnu opasnost. Ukoliko se rukuje sa njom oprezno, operu ruke poslje rada sa njom, ne upotrebljava kao gorivo i ne dozvoli se životinjama da jedu njene izdanke, ne postoji nikakva realna opasnost od nje i sasvim je dobar dodatak bilo kojem cvjetnom vrtu.
This plant is not overly dangerous despite its high toxicity. Some precautions must be taken during handling the plant, wash your hands after tending the oleander, do not allow livestock to eat the plant, do not use oleander wood for fuel and you should be reasonably safe. There is no reason why you shouldn't use it as an additional decoration in your flowering gardens.
Friday, September 19, 2014
Opasne biljke u našim vrtovima 1 / Dangerous plants in our gardens 1st
Anđeoska Truba ili Đavoja Truba / Angel's trumpet or Brugmansia
Many people do not know but this is one of the most poisonous plants round. It contains many highly toxic alkaloids like Scopolamine or hyoscyamine especially in seeds and leafs. Symptoms of poisoning are severe and can lead to death, those symptoms include audio visual hallucinations usually nightmarish type, migraine, diarrhea, tachycardia, paralysis of smooth muscles like diaphragm (it stops breathing). Also it causes amnesia or blackout and affected person often do not remember anything from the time he or she was affected with those poisons.

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Na našim prostorima od nedavno ova biljka postaje sve raširenija zbog ljepote i mirisa cvjetova, širokih listova koji stvaraju dobar hlad i zbog lakoće uzgajanja. Izuzetno je otporna biljka iako traži dosta sunca i vode da bi bila bujna. Takođe lako se i razmnožava prostim reznicama. Cvjeta kroz Avgust i Septembar, velike duguljaste cvjetove, bjele, žute ili ružičaste boje.
From recently this plant has become very popular in our gardens. It has a lush foliage (for deep shade), remarkable big long flowers with strong but pleasant smell. It is very resistant but needs a lot of Sun and water to achieve full very lush vegetation. It is flowering during months of August and September.
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Burgmansia u divljini Burgmansia in wild |
Ova biljka prirodno raste uglavnom u Južnoj Americi u tropskim oblastima, osobito gdje je vegetacija gusta ali se godinama odomaćila svugdje po svijetu, najčešće kao dekorativna biljka. Lokalno se koristi u narodnoj medicini kao sedativ i u religioznim ceremonijama zbog halucinogenih svojstava.
Natural habitat for this plant is in South America, in tropical regions like Brasil, Columbia or Venezuela but nowadays have spread all over the world as very popular ornamental plant. Locally is used in shaman or folk medicine as sedative and during some religious practices in local religions due its strong hallucinogenic properties.
Nepoznato mnogima ovo je ujedno i jedna od najotrovnijih biljaka u našoj okolini. Biljka sadrži mnoge vrlo otrovne alkaloide, najviše u sjemenu i lišću. Na primjer Scopolamin ili hyoscyamine. Trovanje izaziva audiovizualne halucinacije koje su češto košmarne prirode, raširene zjenice, konfuziju, paralizu glatkih mišića (poput dijafragme, odnosno zaustavlja disanje), probleme sa srčanim mišićem poput aritmije proliv i smrt. Takođe izaziva i amneziju, otrovani se često ničega ne sjeća dok je bio pod dejstvom otrova ove biljke.
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Sjemenke Seeds |
Zanimljivost vezana za alkaloid skopolamin. / Some interesting facts about scopolamine

Skopolamin je jedan od najpoznatijih otrova u modernoj kulturi, često se pominje u filmovima i knjigama kriminalističkog ili špijunskog žanra kao serum istine. Malo poznato je da je stvarno korišten kontraobavještajnim akcijama, pogotovu tokom prve polovine 20 vijeka kao droga izbora za uspavljivanje žrtve, zbog osobine da se žrtva ničega ne sjeća, a rijeđe kao serum istine iako je ta primjena takođe zabilježena u mnogim kontraobavještajnim službama. Međutim danas se ova droga više nekoristi jer je previše opasna i trovanje veoma često završava fatalno što je kontraproduktivno u špijunaži.
Scopolamine is known as drug of choice in many movies, shows and books of crime and spy genre, specially by the name as truth serum. Little known is a fact that this drug was really used in counter intelligence and in real spying (first half of 20th century) due its effect to knock down the victim which subsequently do not remember the fact. There were some tries to use this drug as truth serum but that was sporadic and mostly unsuccessful. Afterwards the use of this drug was abandoned as it is very dangerous and often lethal.
Takođe ova droga se često koristi tokom kriminalnih radnji, pogotovu da bi se žrtva opljačkala, sipajući ovu drogu u piće ili na neki drugi način. Ovakve kriminalne radnje često završavaju smrtnim slučajem a ukoliko osoba preživi obično se ne sjeća kriminalnog čina. Postoje čak neprovjereni izvještaji da se ova droga koristi da bi se žrtva natijerala da sama počini neki zločin, poput ubistva upravo zbog efekta da se osoba ničega poslje ne sjeća. Međutim ovo zadnje je u domenu urbane legende.
It is known that this drug is used by criminals usually to spike a drink of a victim to rob them afterwards. Sometimes fatal this drug is a drug of choice for those felons because victim does not remember the fact afterwards. There is also an unconfirmed urban legend around that criminals use this drug to force somebody else to commit a crime (usually murder) and that the victim of this chemically induced mind-control does not remember anything. But this is unconfirmed by official sources and it is, as i said, in the domain of urban legend.
Zaključak / Conclusion
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Da se opet vratim na ovu biljku, veoma je rizično držati ovu bilku u vrtu zbog mogućih neželjenih posljedica, ljudi bi trebali vagati moguću opasnost od slučajnog trovanja u odnosu na estetiku. Po meni bi uvijek trebali izabrati sigurnost. Zabilježeni su slučajevi trovanja samo udisanjem isparenja tokom vrućih ljetnjih dana ako se osoba nalazi blizu osobito bujne biljke. Takva trovanja su rijetko fatalna ali mogu izazvati dosta problema otrovanoj osobi jer se takva osoba iracionalno ponaša, može halucinirati ili se jednostavno onesvijestiti a u takvim uslovima povrede čak i ozbiljne su dosta česte.
To get back to this interesting plant, it is very risky to keep this plant for ornamental purposes, because there is always a risk of accidental poisoning. My opinion is that you should chose some other, less dangerous plant. There are known cases of poisoning just by inhaling poisonous fumes during hot Summer days if person happens to be to close to one of those lush plants. Those poisonings are rarely fatal but it can cause a mountain of problems to the victim due to irrational behavior, possible hallucinations or just plain fainting, all of which can cause injures.
Ovo je izuzetno lijepa ali i strahovito opasna biljka sa kojom se treba rukovati sa velikim oprezom.
This is a most beautiful but extremely dangerous plant and anybody who owns one should handle it with utmost care.
Tuesday, September 16, 2014
Kratko razmišljanje, zašto je eugenika pogrešan pristup / Short thought, why eugenics is bad idea
Eugenika je pogrešan pristup razmnožavanju.
Previše je antropocentičan metod da bi imao ikakakvih bioloških prednosti.
Eugenics is wrong approach to procreation.
It is to much anthropocentric to have any real biological advantages.
Poenta evolucije nije produkcija najboljih riješenja već samo riješenja koja funkcionišu. Riješenja koja funkcionišu ne moraju biti efikasna niti dobra, mogu čak biti i kobna po jedinku, ono što je bitno jeste da jedinka obružana tim prolaznim riješenjima preživi dovoljno dugo da se razmnoži.
The point of evolution is not to produce the best solutions but to produce the working solutions. Working solution does not have to be elegant or even good, can even be fatal to the individual, the most important thing is to be efficient enough to allow that individual to reproduce it self.
Poenta eugenike je da se stvori jedinka koja ima sve najbolje osobine, čak i da eliminiramo antropocentričnost kao faktor pristranosti pojedinim osobinama koje mi ljudi vidimo kao korisne, sa evolutivne tačke gledišta je uvijek ćorsokak. Radi se o specijalizaciji koja nedvosmisleno uvijek vodi u izumiranje.
The point of eugenics is to build a perfect individual which have all the best properties for that present environment, but even if we eliminate the anthropocentricity as a factor to define needed properties, it is still a recipe for failure.
Zašto se to događa? / Why is it happening.
Eugeničari uvijek zanemaruju dinamički faktor promijene okoliša, njihova vizija perfektnog organizma je uvijek zaprljana statičkom percepcijom okoline, njihov naj naj je uvijek najboli u okruženju koje sami eugeničari percepiraju kao optimalnim, a koje je uvijek ekvivalentno trenutnim uslovima za koje oni smatraju da su stabilni. To naravno nije tačno. Jedinka optimalno prilagođena za jedne uslove je suočena sa propašću čim se ti uslovi promijene.
Proponents of eugenics always neglect the dynamical reality of environment which can change unpredictably. Theirs vision of perfect being is always soiled with perception of static environment. Theirs, the best of the best is indeed the best for presently perceived environment in which this creation would live, but as soon as those conditions change, the individual is doomed.
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Najbolji primjer su psi, naš najveći eugenički uspijeh. Stvorili smo toliko verzija pasa koji popunjavaju skoro sve potrebne niše upotrebe koje možemo zamisliti. Njihovi setovi osobina, proizvedeni eugenikom su spomenik praktičnom uspijehu i omogućavaju im da kao vrsta preživljavaju u našem svijetu vrlo uspiješno.
The best example to this are dogs, our most successful eugenics experiment which is going on for thousands of years. We have created so many versions of dogs which fill up many needed roles in our society. Their sets of perfectly matching traits to our needs are, a monument to our ingenuity and allow them as spices to thrive in the environment we provide.
Međutim čim se to okruženje promijeni i ljudi sa svojim potrebama kao faktorom u okolišu nestanu, najveći dio pasa jednostavno ugine, a prežive samo oni koji su koliko toliko slični generičkom fenotipu iz kojega su potekli. Ubrzo poslje jedva 3 ili 4 generacije pas postaje ponovo životinja jako slična vuku.
But as soon as this environment we provide changes (with our disappearance) most of the dogs just die, and only whom survive are those which are closest to the original generic phenotype. Soon after only 3 or 4 generations all dogs look like original wolf.
Slično bi se dogodilo i sa eugenikom ljudi, možda bi početno imalo se uspijeha ali čim bi se uslovi promijenili, čak i unutar ljudskog društva, na primjer neke nove tehnologije, ili nova politika ili bilo što, superiorni tip eugeničkog čovijeka bi se našao u problemima.
Similar would happen if we use eugenics rules on ourselves in the beginning we might have some success but as soon as environment changes, even inside society, with some new technology or policy, the superior eugenically produced being would become inferior.
U evolutivnoj biologiji se to zove problem specijalizacije vrste, odnosno neka vrsta prirodne eugenike, vrsta se toliko dobro prilagodi postojećim uslovima preživljavanja da je stvarno superiornia od svih ostalih neko vrijeme. Međutim čim se uslovi promijene ta vrsta bez iznimki uvijek izumre.
In evolutionary biology this problem is known as specialization of a spices, in some sense a natural eugenics, the spices becomes so much adapted to present environment that it is dominant in all aspect, but as soon as the environment changes this spices is unable to adapt fast enough and goes extinct.
Eugenika je recept za izumiranje, pa čak i da zanemarimo svo zlo koje je ta ideja donijela u prošlom vijeku, čak i onda je jako loša ideja.
Eugenics is a recipe for extinction and even if we completely neglect all the bad things which happen in 20th century due to some of eugenics ideas, it is still a very bad idea.
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